Legalizing Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalizing Prostitution - Essay Example Today, most countries consider prostitution as illegal, unacceptable, and subject to sanctions. However, these conditions have not killed this practice, as it continues invisibly from the law. Due to this case, authorities cannot address the problems that emanate from prostitution, since they cannot be reported as well. This therefore, puts the whole society at risk. Nonetheless, it is wise for countries to legalize prostitution so that it is practised in an organized manner that will ensure the safety of the prostitutes, their clients, and the society as a whole. According to Floyd, there are differences in the way prostitution was practised in the past, and how it is practised today. These changes are in the form of society’s perception of the practice, and the changes in prostitution itself over the years. Ancient Samaria, which is the present Iraq, holds the record of the earliest prostitution in 2400 B.C.E. This was in the form of temple maidens pleasing the gods and ensu ring land fertility through soliciting for temple donations in return for sexual favors. However, in later years, the Greek started practicing prostitution as business. This practice later spread to other areas, including Rome, China, among others. Today, prostitution is practised in almost all world countries in different ways. Weitzer notes that legalizing prostitution means that prostitution is tolerated provided it adheres to the set standards and regulations to ensure control. Legalization therefore, is part of regulation and aims at controlling all activities related to prostitution. When prostitution is legalized, it may involve conditions such as compulsory medical tests, registration of prostitutes, location, or zoning conditions, and registration and licensing of brothels, as well as escort agencies (â€Å"Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Legal Business.† 49). All these conditions and new prostitution laws will have to be enforced by the police. In lega lized prostitution therefore, any prostitute found operating outside the laid down set of rules is considered a criminal, as they will be guilty of engaging in unlawful prostitution (Dressler 102). Today, in most countries, including the USA, where prostitution is illegal, the government, through the legal system, penalizes prostitutes and their clients for actions they are involved in as consenting adults. In this situation, government finances are spent on efforts aimed at arresting prostitutes and their clients, and enforcing laws regarding prostitution. According to Weitzer, when prostitutes and their clients are arrested, the government incurs costs in the series of their prosecution process (â€Å"Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Legal Business.† 48). However, the resultant issue is that the police force and courtrooms are burdened with numerous prostitution cases they have to address, and finally, have very little or no impact at all on the case of prostit ution in the country. The prostitutes and their clients are always set free after paying their fines, and so they go back to the streets to continue with their business of prostitution. Therefore, the approach of catch and release employed by the legal system to curb prostitution has never worked nor has it registered any alleviation in the prostitution level in the country (Lehman & Shirelle 88). According to Weitzer, the rate of prostitution has sharply increased in the present years. This increase is attributed to the role the

A Review of lloyd and Craig 2007 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Review of lloyd and Craig 2007 - Essay Example The following review examines Lloyd and Craig's (2007) framework and provides an evaluation of its proposed benefits. Summary of Article According to Lloyd and Craig (2007), taking a patient history is "arguably the most important aspect of patient assessment." Because of the continually expanding role of nurses, the need exists to expand their assessment skills as well. In this article, Lloyd and Craig provide a detailed framework for conducting a patient history assessment. First, Lloyd and Craig believe it is important to prepare the environment so that it is properly equipped, safe, free of distractions, and allows the patient to feel comfortable. Second, nurses must practice effective communication in order to enhance trust and obtain the most accurate information from the patient. Nurses can use both verbal and non-verbal cues to signify interest and empathy for the patient. Finally, consent is essential and nurses must obtain some form of informed consent by the patient or pat ient's surrogates before proceeding with the assessment. Lloyd and Craig then outline the history-taking process and illustrate the importance of maintaining some form of order when asking questions. Questions should begin in an open-ended format in order to generate conversation and obtain a large amount of information. Nurses can then follow up with closed questions to receive more detail about a particular point of concern. Lloyd and Craig draw on the Calgary Cambridge framework for structuring the consultation. This model proposes five stages of history taking, including: (a) explanation and planning; (b) aiding accurate recall and understanding; (c) achieving a shared understanding; (d) planning through shared decision making; and (e) closing the consultation. This model provides a systematic order to guide nurses' assessment-taking. While Lloyd and Craig advocate following an order, these authors also highlight the importance of following the natural flow of conversation. Simp ly reading off a checklist of questions seems mechanical and impersonal, and can prevent the patient from wanting to reveal personal information. Therefore, Lloyd and Craig suggest using their framework as a practical reference, and not a step-by-step operations manual. Lloyd and Craig also provide examples of behaviors to avoid while conducting a patient history assessment. Examples of such behaviors include giving advice, interrupting, using defensive responses, jumping to conclusions, and several more. Improper interview techniques can disrupt communication and trust, and ultimately hinder the nurse's ability to treat the patient. Respect for each patient's individuality and rights as a human being is a critical component of most nursing associations' codes of ethics. Finally, Lloyd and Craig include examples of key points to remember in the history assessment, including family and occupation history, drug and alcohol use, sexual history, and family and social history. These can be difficult questions to ask and patients may not always feel comfortable answering them. Therefore, effective communication and establishing a positive rapport with the patient is vital to the consultation. At the same time, these difficult questions reflect the importance o

Critical literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critical - Literature review Example This insufficiency of theory based knowledge undoubtedly brings the importance of evidence based learning and understanding. In the field of medicine, healing is vastly defined. Many authors have not been able to limitise its definition and concept within a few representative sentences. This brings the presence of vast dimensions within the process of healing. It is not only linked with the physical parts of human body, but also finds its application in psychology and spirituality as well. And many researchers have tried to define healing in patients with chronic illness, disability, pain and at the end of life (Kigler, 2004; Marshall et al. 2004; Geller et al., 2004; Cherkin & Sherman, 2004; Waters, 2006; Farber, 2002; Silver, 2004). Additionally, various other fields such as nursing and anthropology have also identified it to be a useful part of their practices. As we are critically analysing two articles-Healing in Primary Care: A vision shared by patients, physicians, nurses and clinical staff and Understanding healing relationship in primary care, it is more appropriate to define healing, which is defined as a multidimensional process with emotional, physical and spiritual dimensions (Hsu et al., 2008). This definition of healing is sufficiently consistent with the healing definition in other literatures (Hsu et al. 2008,Egnew, 2005, Dossey, 2003; Wendler, 1996) Each article has a different summary. In the article Healing in primary care: a vision shared by patients, physicians, nurses and clinical staff, the fundamental focus of the focused groups was to obtain understanding of the fundamental concept of healing among patients, physicians, nurses and clinical staff; also, what they consider as facilitators and barriers to promoting healing in primary care were discussed. In this article, for the purpose of learning via evidence based, the instrument of focused group is used; in which nine focused groups were arranged with 84 participants, 28 patients, 23 primary care physicians (19 family physicians), 11 licensed practical nurses, 20 registered nurses, and 2 medical assistants. On the other hand, in the article understanding healing relationship in primary care, much emphasis is given to highlight and understand the development and maintenance of healing relationships between patients and clinicians. Here, the method of interview was used to serve the objectives of healing relationships with three processes resulted as fostering healing relationships-valuing non-judgmental emotional bond, working in a way to serve the maximum facilitation for patients and displaying a caring attitude towards patients. Critical evaluation of these articles serves the objectives of this literature review. The methods, data, outcomes and theories enlisted in both articles are going to be made part of this process of assessment with a critical look. Have these two articles really served the way for which they were planned? Have these objectives provided something useful towards the process and practice of healing? These are the fundamental questions are discussed further below. Critical evaluation: Healing in primary care: A vision shared by patients, physicians, nurses and clinical staff Healing is a fundamental part of medical science, yet its role is insufficiently understood in the modern health care system (Brody, 1992; Lown, 1996; Cassell, 1991). In this article, many

Modernism and Conceptual Art Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Modernism and Conceptual Art - Thesis Example The essay "Modernism and Conceptual Art" discusses relationships between modernism and conceptual art. Conceptual art is widely regarded to have begun in the ‘dada’ movement that occurred in Switzerland, Germany, France, America, and other countries during the early 20th Century. Dada artists like Marcel Duchamp enshrined urinals on pedestals, signing them with an alias in parody of the authoritative time stamp and signature which was already equated with monetary value in the fame or status driven art, gallery, and collectibles trade at the time. Similarly, Rene Magritte famously inscribed â€Å"Ceci n'est pas une pipe† across a painting of a pipe, to inspire many who studied art to question the nature of artistic representation in an era where formal abstract painting was being developed as a valid method of self-expression. In the modern perception of the artist, his or her personal views, theories, conflicts, psychology, and philosophy of life are all assumed to be summarized and expressed through the process of art, completely or in fragments, creating objects of appreciation with symbolic social messages and embodying a personal commitment to an aesthetic, beauty or truth. Yet, the viewer or audience may ultimately interpret a work outside of its original intended context, just as art history elevates some artists and themes to make them canonical, collectible, valuable, and teachable on a social level of shared subjectivities. Conceptual Art is inherently critical.

Intellectual History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intellectual History - Term Paper Example One could call it the easiest way to explain natural processes. But it is also the only option available in order to interpret and articulate the world with limited knowledge, sophistication and maturity. In the eyes of the primitive humans, the natural phenomena such the setting of the sun, the changes in the season, the very wind that shakes the trees, and the rumble of thunder were beyond understanding. They were inexplicable, terrifying and spectacular all at the same time. By conceiving a metaphysical world, several mysteries were readily answered. The all powerful entity of god, for example, resolved the question of why man lives and dies, why the rain pours and why calamities strikes. Consider the many religious practices discovered as archaeologists unearthed and studied ancient civilizations. They provided invaluable insights not only in regards to how man perceived the world but how he came to terms with his relationship and experience with the world around him. Sacrifice i s a case in point. It is, as explained by Watson, both a gift and a coercion, provided to force the god to behave in a manner man wished: â€Å"to propitiate them, to defuse their anger, to get, to get rid of, to atone† (134). Natural phenomena that impact humans such as disasters, famine, disease and those favorable events like good harvest and victory in war were attributed to the workings of the gods. Thus, they were considered to be subject to some semblance of human control through sacrifice. For example, when famine struck, primitive people would think that gods were displeased or their offerings inadequate and, hence, would redouble their efforts in the next agricultural cycle (136). The rituals evolved into more elaborate ceremonies with far more important sacrifices as way of life became more complex. Human sacrifices became a prominent form of sacrifice later on. According to Watson, this came about on the strength of the idea that it is a form of self-denial and th at the degree of importance of the offering came to be perceived as the more effective or the worthier sacrifice to appease the gods’ anger or to ask for far more important blessings (135). In the Greek island of Knossos, for instance, bone fragments of children offered as sacrifices to the gods were found. These remains, dating to 2000 BC, were said to have existed during the bull-worshipping Minoan civilization and were killed to avert catastrophe, such as the earthquake that eventually led to the civilization’s demise (133). The most basic and the earliest sacrifices involved the use of objects, keeping the first seeds or the first ears of corn for the gods. Later the sacrifices became more elaborate and more cruel. This was a logical evolution in the backdrop of human ignorance about the natural processes that they observed on a daily basis. These were mysteries that occur constantly and they become the basis for the practices such as human sacrifice. The concept o f the after life also emerged early in human history. Ancient Egyptians, for example, were buried with their worldly goods in the belief that they would need the treasure in the after life. The Hindu religion also believes that the dead can be reborn. Watson explained that this was

Gender difference in CALL Programs for English as a second Language Essay

Gender difference in CALL Programs for English as a second Language Acquisition - Essay Example Lai and Kuo have struggled to further prove this claim by evaluating the learning outcomes of both male and female counterparts making use of CALL programmes. 2. Aim: The study is conducted to identify the effects of language learning through CALL programs on gender basis. Many researches provide evidence that gender does affect the learning process. The basic distinction of this research paper is the evaluation of English learning pace and attributes in second language acquisition using CALL programs. Which means that this study also incorporates the evaluation of computer based learning on gender basis. The study also aims to identify the differences in the attitudes of male and female students towards learning, their differing views about learning efficacy, their differing levels of learning anxiety in learning language via CALL programs and the different learning barriers they identified. 3. Methodology: Proper methodology is mandatory to produce valid results. Lai and Kuo used b oth quantitative and qualitative techniques to produce reliable results. To develop initial understanding, Lai and Kuo, used different studies conducted by various researchers. They produced proper setting and created an appropriate understanding of the importance given to this area of research. The quantitative data was collected from a sample of 200 students of which 166 were female and the rest of 34 were male. The participants were given a questionnaire to gather data about EFL & CALL. The qualitative data was collected by interviewing 10 participants including 5 males and 5 females. The qualitative data aimed to identify the key challenges that each gender faces in learning language through CALL programs. ... The qualitative data aimed to identify the key challenges that each gender faces in learning language through CALL programs. 4. Results: The results of this research were divided into 4 parts. The first part was about the learning attitudes of male and female participants using Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Programs. A fairly large number of male participants provided an affirmative result on the learning processes of language via CALL programs. In contrast to 91.1 percent males, only 42.7% females showed a positive result on using computer based learning for English language. Results on learning efficacy were also in line with this trend. Only 53.6 percent females believed that it may be helpful to increase learning efficacy whereas, 88.2 percent male participants believed that CALL programs are helpful in increasing the learning efficacy. A different result was found when the participants were asked about the learning techniques used in CALL programs. Both groups found it interesting to use computers in learning Language and a smaller population marked CALL programs as ‘boring’. In addition, majority believed that CALL programs may be more beneficial to enhance reading, writing and listening skills but less helpful in increasing speaking power. Learning anxiety was lesser in male (14.2%) counterparts on using computer as a learning tool as compared to female participants (19.2%). Learning barriers for female students was the difficulty of using the CALL programs’ software, whereas, the only big hurdle for the male participants was the availability of learning software due to expensive nature of new technologies. 5. Interpretation of Data: The results obtained by the authors were as expected if compared with other studies

First Day Of School Essay Example for Free

First Day Of School Essay On my first day of school, my Dad came to drop me of. I was really nervous and afraid when I came out of the car and headed for the School gate. In the playground, I saw an abundance of big boys running around; that made me even more apprehensive. When the School bell rang, I quickly into ran to the hall so I wasn’t late on my first day. Mrs McNamara, our head of year was giving all the students a lot of essential information that we needed in the future so as a consequence, it was important that we listened. At lunchtime I became more relaxed and at ease, at the end of the day my dad came to pick me up from school, I had really enjoyed myself and as a result I knew I would have a fantastic time at High school. Try to be yourself don’t copy anyone or anything. Furthermore, to do well in school you have to be bold and respectful, it always helps. LESSONS AND SCHOOL RULES In lessons you have to pay full attention to what the teacher’s saying, it will help you in your work and Home study. You must be fully equipped for the lesson so it is best you pack your bag the night before you have that lesson, you will need: two pens, a ruler, a pencil your exercise book, a rubber, a calculator, and a pencil case. In Trinity your work has to be a certain standard, if your work is below that standard, the teacher will make you do it again. Hence, you need to put effort into it, make sure you have checked it, and do it to your best quality. Trinity High school forbids bullying; any signs of bullying and you will be in a huge amount of trouble, you must always respect one another and the Teachers. Attendance and Punctuality is very important, so you don’t miss any lessons or activities. You must take care of all the equipment that you use and attempt not to damage it. SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS If you behave well and do extremely well in your lessons you get achievements such as: Effort and Excellence certificates, Headmasters award s letters of praise and congratulations, weekly praise from the Headmaster and attendance and punctuality awards. There are so many ranges of achievements, so make sure you work hard, listen to your teachers and be respectful at all times.