Real and Intellectual Property Law Briefs Case Study

Real and Intellectual Property Law Briefs - Case Study Example Golde made many post operative trips to the medical center for regular check ups. In addition to the normal check ups the doctors at the medical centre conducted research on the cells extracted from Moore's body and hoped to benefit commercially from the results of their research. However, this fact about research was not disclosed to Moore by the Doctors. From the research conducted on Moore's cells, a cell line was developed and got patented by Dr. Golde. Later Golde entered into agreement with the Genetic Institute and was the main beneficiary of the commercial exploits. Moore later sued Dr. Golde and other defendants over the issue. Although the Court discarded Moore's basic claim and ruled that he had no property rights as such or over any money made later on by the defendants by the research conducted and later exploitingg it commercially. It however, said that the defendants were obliged to disclose to Moore the financial angle involved in the cells extracted from Moore's body, so in these circumstances although Moore who had no property rights was free to bring a claim of injuries against the defendants. The decision was given by a bench of Supreme Court of California. Various arguments were forwarded by the counsel for the Plaintiff. The Hon'ble Supreme Court examined them in deatail and reached to a conclusion that the person has no absolute right to the products of his body because they are not unique and further espoused that legislature has formulated laws that stated that forbid patients under some treatment to possess their extracted organs. In this case the plaintiff's spleen was taken out to protec t his life from a life threatening situation but the court ruled out that the patient has an right over the spleen after it has been extracted from his body to save his life and under normal circumstances affected organs or body parts have to be disposed or may be used for research for the advancement of the medical profession. The Court feared that by extending property rights to body parts could spell a doom for the medical profession in general as it is a norm that the affected cells or body parts taken out from patient's body are used for research purposes. Moreover, Moore had given his consent too for the procedure. Although, to some extent it can be said that the consent was not informed as the whole procedure may not have been explained to him verbatim and there were some commercial interests involved. But to that he can only sue his Doctor i.e. Mr. Golde but the other defendants have no liability towards him. Main Issue : The highlight of this judgment was not to extend the status of property to ill human organs as that would have leaded to a plethora of damage suits and loss to the advancement of medical profession. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CASE A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. Brief Facts : It can be said that this intellectual property law case an landmark case in which the United Court of Appeals decided that

The Whistleblower Protection Act Essay Example for Free

The Whistleblower Protection Act Essay The Whistleblower Protection Act was designed to provide legal safety measures to individuals occupying positions in the federal government who reveal questionable and unlawful operations within the government agencies.   The Act thus shelters the employee that has disclosed the information so that he will remain protected from any biased actions that may be executed by his superiors in that particular government agency.   This protection is a special precautionary measure that is well compensated in order to maintain the employee status of truthfully reporting the illegal activities that should be investigated by the government. The Whistleblower Protection Act was drafted to include four approaches to activate protection as a whistleblower.   Firstly, the employee who wishes to disclose a questionable operation of another member of the government agency may file an appeal to the Merit Systems Protection Board of his particular agency.   Another approach may be to request for the protection from the special counsel of the government agency. Protection may also be requested through the appeal for individual protection per se.   An employee may also request for whistleblower protection through grievance procedures, wherein the employee reports the grievances and hardships he experiences after he discloses information regarding the illegal operations that he has observed within the government agency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Whistleblower Protection Act was carefully designed so that not every employee that reports an incident will be immediately protected based on the features of the Act.   Such careful implementation of the protection act was established because it is important that only deserving individuals are provided with the protection that is needed and not all individuals who express their â€Å"concern† over an activity will be safeguarded from any associated reactions that may be given by the employee that is being reported (Wilmot, 2000). The Whistleblower Protection Act is therefore established to proceed initially with an investigation regarding the disclosure that was submitted by an employee.   In addition, the disclosure should be properly endorsed by the head of the office where the employee is working for.   Should this endorsement be absent, the Whistleblower Protection Act will not be implemented.    The present Whistleblower Protection Act is thus available to all federal employees, both those in active duty and those who have retired or resigned, and even those employees who are in the higher positions.   A few positions in the federal government, such as those involved in making agency policies, are not covered by the Whistleblower Protection Act, as well as those employees working at the postal office and the Central Intelligence Agency.   The employees of the Federal Bureau of Investigation are also not provided with the features of the Whistleblower Protection Act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A revelation that is presented by an employee should be evaluated to be of substantial information that is well-proven to positively violate the laws and policies of the government agency.   Any violation may be associated with the wrongful management of the government agency or a substantial squandering of government funds.   In addition, any misuse of an official of his powers over the government agency may also be considered as disclosed information by which may activate the Whistleblower Protection Act and be implemented to protect the employee that has disclosed the violation. Other issues that are deemed worthy of activating the protection act may include any information that may cause harm to the general public, such as safety and sickness.   Once the disclosure has been submitted by the concerned employee to his supervisor, this report should be submitted to the head of the government agency.   As soon as this disclosure report is submitted to the head of the government agency, the Whistleblower Protection Act should be discussed with the employee who has reported the violation of another employee.   The features of the protection act should be comprehensively explained so that the employee will understand how the protection act works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Whistleblower Protection Act was also designed in order to amend an earlier act which was known as the Civil Service Reform Act.   The amendment was based on the modification of the term disclosure in the older reform act and this was replaced by the newer protection act that pertains to any type of report so that employees may have the liberty to report any misuse and abuse of authority within the government agency.   The protection act was also devised to prevent any forms of hindrance that would inhibit the employee from his disclosure of the information he knows with regards to the illegal activities that he observes within the government agency.    There are only a very few cases wherein the Whistleblower Protection Act was not provided to an employee who, after thorough investigation by the appropriate review of the government agency, has discovered that the disclosure that the employee was submitting was based on his goal of acquiring personal gain and benefit.   It is thus important that a meticulous and detailed investigation of the disclosure be performed first before any other measure is performed.   Should the review committee find that the disclosure of the employee does not serve any beneficial purpose but for the employee’s personal gain alone, subsequent actions and the corresponding implementation of the Whistleblower Protection Act will not be exercised.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Whistleblower Protection Act has also experienced a few issues with regards to the technicalities of its design and implementation.   One of the most reviewed and discussed technical issue about the protection act is the phrase â€Å"any disclosure.†Ã‚   The word â€Å"any† was intentionally included in the definitions of the protection act in order to include all forms of reports and does not prematurely filter any disclosures and this has been designed in order to collect as much reports as may be submitted.    The selection and review of the reports are thus handled by the review committee which is mandated to thoroughly study all reports and disclosures that are submitted to them.   The main basis for identification of a valuable disclosure that is submitted by an employee is the fact that the disclosure shows equitable certainty that a mismanagement or abuse of authority or operation is occurring within the government agency. Equitable certainty of the disclosed information is mainly based on the good faith that is shown by the employee reporting the incident.   The Whistleblower Protection Act is also designed wherein an employee may report to any of his superior officials within the government agency, allowing freedom for the employee to report the information he carries with trust and confidentiality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should be understood that the Whistleblower Protection Act will only be implemented if the employee is reporting a specific gross mismanagement or misuse of authority by another individual in the government agency.   Should the review committee find that the employee is only disclosing an insignificant amount of questionable activities, the review committee will then provide ample time for the employee to gather more information about the other employee being reported and at the same time will monitor the actions being executed by the employee being reported. Should there be a new additional report regarding the questionable employee, the disclosing employee will immediately be given protection from any probable harm that he may experience during his occupation at the government agency.   The information being disclosed will also be made confidential within the government agency because this secured information will affect the condition of the employee within his workplace (White, 2006). Protection to the employee may include the prevention of any actions that are associated with his position, including any reassignment to another office, termination and even promotion to a higher position.   Such changes in the position of the employee who has disclosed any information on the mismanagement or misuse of another employee is thus unlawful and should be protected by the Whistleblower Protection Act.    References White SM (2006):   Confidentiality, no blame culture and whistleblowing, non-physician practice and accountability. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol.   20(4):525-43. Wilmot S (2000):   Nurses and whistleblowing: The ethical issues.   J. Adv. Nurs.   32(5):1051-7.

Study on Financial Statements and Ratios of Banks

Study on Financial Statements and Ratios of Banks 4.0 Introduction The data analysis chapter has been divided into two parts. In the first part, I have tried to do some sort of quantitative analysis. The first part is based on the financial statements and key ratios of both the chosen banks. Again it was broken down into sub-points like the analysis of data before recession and after recession. Some key ratios were calculated, compared and analysed from the financial data of last 10 years for both the banks. The second part of this chapter is a mixture of literature review data analysis and some points were written with reference to the analysis done in first part in my own words. 4.1 Analysis of Data Derived from Financial Statements and Ratios 4.1.1 Bank Status before Recession After Recession To be able to answer our research questions it is imperative to look at the two companies data from financial statements, this will reveal the risks inherent in each banks operation. The analysis utilizes data from the financial statements of the banks under review from year 2005 to 2010 just before recession started. While the two banks have similarities in risk management RBS use pounds while HSBC use dollars as the basis currency in the books of accounts, while this may hinder the analysis especially quantitative analysis the general data increase and decrease is an important aspect sufficient for this study. 4.2 Financial Position of RBS 4.2.1 Financial Position of RBS before recession (2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2006-2007) The Royal Bank of Scotland turnover had been on steady increase, in the financial year ending December 2007 the turnover was  £30,366 million; in 2005 the turnover was  £25902 million while in the year ending 2006 turnover increased to  £28002 million. In 2005 operating profits were  £7936 million while in 2006 operating profits increased marginally to  £9186 and in 2007  £9807 million. Profits before tax has been on steady increase from  £7936million in 2005 to  £9186 and  £9832 million in 2006 and 2007 million respectively. 4.2.2 Financial Position of RBS After Recession (2007-2008, 2009-2010) The turnover for year 2008 was  £25868 Million and finally the turnover for the year ending December 2009 was  £38690 million. In but in 2008 and 2009 losses of  £40836 and  £2595 were recorded respectively, this was after recession started. The full details for the full year 2010 results have not been announced but the first half results profits had increased by 44% to  £3950 million. Table 1 Royal Bank of Scotland Profit and loss Extracts Year Ended 31 Dec 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005  £millions  £  £  £  £  £  £ Turnover 38690.0 25868.0 30366.0 28002.0 25902.0 Operating Profit Q3 726 -2595 -40836.0 9807 9186 7936 Profits before tax -2595 -40836.0 9832.0 9186.0 7936.0 Source; RBS website 4.3 Financial Positions of HSBC 4.3.1 Financial Positions of HSBC before recession On the other hand the turnovers for HSBC on the financial years under review were as follows; year 2007 the turnover was $ 87601 million, $ 61704 million in 2005 and $70070 million in 2006 in terms of operating profits, the group managed $20966.0m, $21240.0m and $22709.0m in years 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Profits before tax were $20966m, $22086m, and $24212m in years 2005, 2006, and 2007. 4.3.2 Financial Positions of HSBC After recession The group managed a turnover of $ 88571 million and $ 78631 million in 2008 and 2009 accounting periods respectively. HSBC recorded $ 22709 million profit in 2007; however the profits declined substantially to $7646 million in 2008 and $ 5298 in 2009 again profits were affected as recessionary fears started. In third quarter of 2010 the profits increased marginally. Table 2 HSBC Profit and Loss Extracts Year Ended 31 Dec 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 $millions $ $ $ $ $ $ Turnover 78631 88571 87601 70070 61704 Operating Profit 5298 7646 22709 21240 20966 Profit before tax 7079 7079 9307 24212 20086 20966 Source: HSBC website 4.4 Tabular, Graphical representation, interpretation and analysis of key ratios of HSBC RBS for last 10 years In the next few pages, I have tried to present the data in tables, graphs and charts. Some of the data was presented and calculated for last 10 years and some for the last 5-6 years. Some of the key ratios as given below were calculated, analysed and compared for both the banks. Net Interest Margin Return on equity Capital adequacy Liquidity ratio Non-performing assets ratio Loans Turnover ratio Loans to Assets ratio Gross Yield on Earning Assets (GYEA) Table 3 HSBC Ratio Analysis in percentage Year Ending 31 Dec 2010 up to June 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 Net Interest Margin 3.25 3.09 3.05 2.00 3.4 2.04 2.60 2.54 2.24 ROE 11.1 12.3 11.21 9.62 11.60 12.25 11.2 15.6 13.21 Capital Adequacy 11.50 11.60 11.75 10.89 10.97 11.01 11.12 11.31 11.63 Liquidity ratio 2.20 2.50 3.62 4.21 5.31 6.54 1.23 1.11 2.15 Nonperforming assets ratio 2.17 2.27 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.01 2.00 Loans Turnover ratio 66.2 55.2 25.10 29.2 54.0 59.1 67.12 74.21 76.45 Loans to Assets ratio 0.60 0.40 0.22 0.15 0.12 0.113 0.21 0.28 0.32 GYEA 5.21 4.60 4.49 4.36 4.24 4.42 4.68 4.29 3.26 Source: Data glanced from HSBC website and did personal analysis. Figure 4 HSBC ratio analyses (Note: all the figures are in percentage) Table 4 RBS Ratio analysis as a percentage Year Ending 31 Dec 2010 up to June 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 Net Interest Margin 1.97 1.76 1.70 1.75 1.83 1.91 2.01 2.03 1.92 ROE 12 11.5 11.4 9 9.6 9.12 14 11.2 10 Capital Adequacy 12.51 11.44 11.95 12.98 11.72 11.10 12.21 13.11 13.23 Liquidity Ratio 3.21 2.42 3.21 5.22 3.23 3.29 2.23 2.11 3.15 Nonperforming Assets Ratio 11.1 14.1 16.1 12.15 12.11 12.10 11.11 11.01 10.10 Loans Turnover Ratio 66.9 45.25 44.15 39.2 44.0 49.12 57.21 63.32 66.00 Loans to Assets Ratio 1.56 1.45 1.35 1.40 1.19 0.20 0.89 0.46 0.56 GYEA 3.33 4.6 2.12 4.06 4.12 3.28 2.86 2.92 2.45 Source: Data glanced from RBS website and did personal analysis Fig. Comparison of the two banks PL data Generally over the years the turnover of the two banks has been increasing but the increase in HSBC turnover has been moderate while that of RBS has been steep. HSBC has managed to remain profitable for the period of analysis showing that the company has been able to mitigate the risks well as compared to RBS. RBS made substantial operating losses amounting to 2595 million in 2009 and had to be supported by the government as a result of subprime mortgage crisis. The data show that HSBC has adopted prudent management even though profits declined, the ratios show the group has maintained strong capital base Findings During the two years before year 2009 and after the two banks were adversely affected by economic condition. The profit and loss analysis from the two banks show that HSBC has been able to tackle liquidity risks well as it has been able to maintain profitability through out even during the recession on the other hand RBS was affected and made losses in 2007, 2008 and 2009 but the half year available indicate the bank has returned to profitability after the government support. The profitability before tax is shown in the figure below. Figure 5 Source: Data glanced from RBS and HSBC websites and did personal analysis Note: HSBS figures are in million dollars while figures for RBS are in million pounds. 4.5 Literature Review Data Analysis This dissertation presents the underlying strategies and approaches applied by the top UK banks in learning the differences between HSBC and Royal Bank of Scotland. The strategies and approaches are observed before and after the recession period when assets and stocks were reducing in value putting the banks in worst case financial scenario. To compare their financial, business and operational risks concern will create a bigger picture. The aim is to determine which between the two banks has a better and effective approach and strategy in the risk-reduction initiatives (Drew Michael, et al., 1996) Banks in United Kingdom have relied upon a proven system of strong liquidity risk management. This has been in existence for over three years now and since the system was started banks have made it a priority to update their systems of risk management to keep abreast with the changing demands of the society and technological innovations associated with risk management. Financial stability is easily achieved by following less complicated process and that is to stick to the rules and created in less difficult way that whenever you try to explain it to a customer or client. The grasp of the policy will then be easily absorbed (Issing, 2004). The liquidity risk management of most United Kingdom has been seen to be strong and responsive whenever banks experience risks. Banks have to ensure that they exercise prudent risk management to be able to provide customer satisfaction, but some of the banks are less committed to the task to minimize their exposure to risks. It can be costly to the bank and expose the bank to court cases, licence cancellation by the supervisory authorities and customers withdrawing from the bank. The only way to do this is to create a reliable system of liquidity risk management (Issing, 2004). Risk management actions count the most in the future and especially in setting the reputation of the banks. Extra effort is required in creating policies that will withstand the effect of any risks. Being able to communicate the recent risk situation among the team members will help a lot in the resolution and in effectively carrying out the regulations which they intended to implement for the banks organization. A manifestation of a high level of activity would spell a lot of difference compared to those who lag behind due to poor management risk planning (Kahf Homud, 1998). An effective liquidity risk management is able to make anticipations on the occurrence of future risks. There is also a type of liquidity risk management that can only provide satisfactory level of service or performance, however, it possess certain weakness though very insignificant, it may still deliver anticipated results like those managements that are strong since it only manifest very minor signs ineffectiveness (Bank of England 2007). HSBS and the Royal Bank of Scotland are not just the top banks in United Kingdom they are the two banks that show an impressive liquidity risk management. This record could be very much proven by the profits earned annually and the impression they make among their customers is excellent and they never settle for anything less. The two banks have applied similar systems although HSBC is the bank that shows the most impressive and effective strategy/ approach against a liquidity risk. They always make sure to protect not only their money but also protect the welfare of their customers and intend to move with them and manage their finances by avoiding incompetence in dealing with liquidity risks. HSBS guides their customer from the time they enter the institution until the time they become part of a much growing and impressive banking industry (Bank of England 2007). In the last two years HSBC only experienced short term recession only, they had prepared for the recession, through management and the fact that they had experienced a crisis before and had rectified it by creating a frame work that worked well for the bank. Prudent risk management at HSBC can be analysed by looking at the profits that the bank has earned recently where the bank doubled its half-year profits by posting  £7 billion as at August 2010, this is at a time when smaller banks were feeling the effects of recession. Analysts have seen the capabilities of the bank base from their well-managed systems and strategies. They had already expected such things to happen so there is nothing surprising about that (Goodway, 2007). The banks have taken all necessary precautions and the management maintains optimism that in case of risks they will find a way out. The way the two banks react to problems is always quick thus they are able to find real time solutions. This strategy is a good way of keeping loyal customers. The primary goal is to offer consistency in performance whether the nature of the transaction differs or not, this is exemplified by the HSBC spirit of being consistent and reliable in every possible way. One of the ways that the banks have avoided the risks is to anticipate the risks thus making in advance plans. HSBC has made a point to anticipate risks and make plans to mitigate or avoid the risks completely, this is seen in the banks preparation of the recession in the last two years the bank made adequate plans and adopted prudent lending, adopted technology and minimized operations expenses, while other bank were unprepared and had to be rescued by the government. HSBC operates inn flexible economies, this has been explained by looking at the diversity of the markets it operates, and this gave the bank diversity as not all markets experienced recession. HSBC reaction to risks is a testimony to its objective to effectively handle risks, one such objective identified in the study was is to create liquidity through making an arrangement to leaseback or sell assets whenever loans are defaulted (Goodway, 2007) On the other hand, the Royal Bank of Scotland has similar strategies, before recession the management had drawn a plan on risk management, this is exemplified by the fact that they didnt change their banking rates during this period. Although they needed to take precautions on the insurance, once this has been resolved they could go back to the most important part which is keeping the business even more profitable (Aldrick, 2008). Royal Bank of Scotland (2011) strategy has been to invest heavily in being relevant to the needs of the customer; the bank has also created a buffer to protect the bank in times of recession. In 2007 the bank lost 3% in book value as it experienced subprime related mortgage crisis, but the bank made an effort in ensuring that the customers needs were addressed as soon as possible and assured clients that their accounts with the bank were safe. The Royal Bank of Scotland has not seen changes in sub-prime related write downs, the bank has remained stable. During the recession the bank still managed  £ 1.1 billion in half year profits, though the bank was affected by recession as it could not prevent the effects of recession on their profits and capital enhancements. When making a comparison between the two banks, they differ on how they carry out their risk strategies but have similar characteristics. 4.5.1 Implications of recession on house mortgage and corresponding subprime losses HSBC has always tried to offer options that are sustaining and a relief to those who are about to lose their home due to the effect of recession, some of the options are leaseback and sales. In terms risk management HSBC has adopted a different approach when it comes to helping customers experiencing cash flow problems in paying mortgage. The bank identifies the need to assess the urgency to save the customers financial status or his house under mortgage (Goodway, 2007); the bank allows customers to modify their loan allowing customers to pay the loan at an adjusted future time. This reduces the risk to both the customer and the bank. On the other hand Royal Bank of Scotland reduce risks by allowing variable or fixed mortgage rate, and has applied the straightforward approach where a customer mortgage application is approved decisively, this ensures the payments are as flexible as possible. The bank has also limited the bank charges it can attach to an account thus creating customer satisfaction. 4.5.2 Bank Strategies and Policies Applied The effectiveness of the banks strategy and approach can be analysed by looking at how well the banks management performed their roles. As risks are recognized the management needs to assess the risks and careful interpretation of the consequences. If the management do not carefully assess the crisis, then the risk might probably worsen until it can no longer be helped (RBS, 2011). The loan modification adopted by HSBC may not work as it is difficult to find a common ground. It may also not be possible to carry out assessment and evaluation. The Royal Bank of Scotland has minimized its risk exposure by allowing the straightforward method, thus the bank is able to assess the qualification of each customer. 4.5.3 Criteria for house mortgage loan allocation Both banks utile interest options, period of payment, and a flexible payment options. However, the criteria need to be assessed on individual application basis while at the same time maintaining objectivity and should not be applied to all. This criterion has to be flexible in terms of meeting the customer needs such as unforeseen circumstances. The current criteria risk the banks profit if it is contravened, it should allow the customers meet their monthly loan repayment deadlines. It can be very well taken into account that the system used by these two is similar to those applied by the rest of the banks in United Kingdom (Effros, 1998). However, the researcher intends to discuss the reliability of the system utilized by the two chosen banks as they encounter inevitable risks in global economic environment. A study of the HSBC system shows how well they have managed risks that have placed other banks in receivership. The study helps to understand the important issues needs to be tackled by a bank to manage risks successfully. The two banks have had good financial risk management, in terms managing the credit and market risks by having a proper risk assessment. These two risks take place when an improper assessment is made (Newman, 2006). Strong and reliable management organization has been used as a tool to help the banks strengthen and arrive to a risk free system. In case of system failures a dependable measure has been created that would minimize financial implications. The banks initiative is to push the participation of the depositors in the program and to treat them as among the driving force which affects the system. The methods are extensively researched and adapted among institutions which mean that it has been carefully checked (Banks, 2003). Extensive study on the feasibility of the issue in addressing the effectiveness of system implemented in the banking institution. In the previous discussion, regarding the imposition of law affecting banking system, the European banks are known to be sanctioned under a strict regulation whereby giving them less control over their own management. The variability in the solution technique being employed by either HSBC or the Royal Bank of Scotland cannot simply be the solution to this problem. It is the way they approach the problem with a system proven by time. The HSBC and the Royal Bank of Scotland have several financial planning portfolios in helping the customers reach their goals. The two banks have manifested expertise in providing the most expert advice on planning and investing. They consider it as their responsibility to provide their customer with the best advice available and have to be right and fitting to their customers needs. They exert and commit themselves as they go the extra mile of keeping their customers for a lifetime by answering and addressing quickly their customers growing demands and they have never failed to do so (Newman, 2006). The banks will not wait in vain but makes sure that they get to customers and provides them with a personalized service that cannot be found from other bank institutions creating confidence and trust with the customers. No wonder these two banks were voted top United Kingdom banks (Duttweiler, 2009). The assessment of the policy utilized by these two banks operates as a measure that monitors whether a prescribed risk guideline has been complied with and then makes a report accordingly (Crouhy, 2006). The design of the policy has been able to achieve the appropriate strategy, though require the framework and the funding capacity be adequately met by the funding institution. The design as a result, gives the customer the assurance and the security as they are given the key role and part in developing the system. The United Banking system has also been extensively analysed in this dissertation. Risks such as the financial and operational risks has been analysed by relating them to the strategies being employed by each bank, thus, an empirical method has been applied by exploring details about each bank. Various important factors about a banking institutions risk management system have been looked into as well. Looking into the advantages of a well-organized risk management banking system will help minimize damages brought by liquidity risks. A well-managed and well carried management plan will save the bank from recovering from years, after suffering from significant financial risks. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions While the data analysed show similarities in the way the two banks manage liquidity risks HSBC has prudently managed the risks better as compared to RBS. The profits before tax for the two banks indicate that RBS made losses for the last two years while HSBC has maintained profitability despite recession. Fair amount of loans have been advanced that may not pose great risk to both banks, the loan to asset rate is low for both banks and this reduces unnecessary exposure to bad debts. The ratios indicate the banks have maintained adequate capital bases that can with stand systemic risks. HSBC has managed to maintain low operating margins leveraging on technology to deliver products thus avoiding high staff expenses, on the other hand RSB government ownership reduces the risk exposure and thus the bank has been able to obtain loans from the bank after the recent recession, the operating margins are negative for the last two years indicating the bank has not been able to achieve optimal operations. After a sustained increase in the operating profits of RBS before the recession profits declined from 9807 million pounds in 2007 to losses of 2595 million pounds, this emanated from the exposure of the bank to mortgage related risks therefore to ensure the bank is protected from the risk the bank should carry out evaluation on the ability of the customers to meet the monthly mortgage requirements. The effectiveness of the risks management policies of the banks under study has been evaluated, to be able to have a wider view about risk management bank mortgage and subsequent reaction to recession has been analysed. When the risk management policies that each of the banks under consideration is evaluated, HSBC possess the most formidable liquidity risk management policy implementation well articulated in the banks reaction to the recession. The study established that the liquidity risk management plays an important role in monitoring the flow of assets into the banks system. Banks are required to have standard set of policy to affect its benefits. However, without a reliable system from which the organization management plan is created, it is easy to say that such a management plan will not be effective. It will produce no progress at all and could costly on the part of those who implement these management strategies. Since the two banks have applied similar systems; HSBC is the bank that shows the most impressive and effective strategy/ approach against liquidity risk. They always make sure to protect not only their money also they make sure that they protect the welfare of their customers. The dissertation focus on the UK banking system was ideal as the perfect niche where to study liquidity risk because the banks have a wide access to almost all parts of the world and. The banks are universal and possess that impressive banking track record. HSBC and the Royal Banks of Scotland are equally as competent and committed to a strong liquidity risk management (Casu Molyneux, 2001). However, this study was limited to the top two banks it is recommended that in order to understand liquidity risk a study should be conducted not only on those two banks but also on those ranked at the bottom. This way it is possible to understand the liquidity risk in the banking industry and serve as a basis of reference by other researchers or particular areas of concern that may be a source of risk for banks. It should also be necessary that a case study be conducted on a particular scenario focusing only on one risk management area so as to have a clearer view. The banking system is explained along with some points on how important it is to build a strong impression with international institutions by securing a reliable system within the bank by good risk management policies that serve as its foundation. A discussion on the importance of liquidity risk management policy has been explored using policies as the guidelines and indicators that help determine the confidence level in each banking system. If weak policy system is in place, it gives doubt as to the effectiveness of the risk management approach. Royal Bank of England has been analysed and the responsibility it has on the control of rates. The bank has been used as the point of reference since it has flexibility in decision making as well as its crucial to the good functioning or detriment of the whole banking institution in United Kingdom. The HSBC and the Royal Bank of Scotland has impressive financial planning portfolios that are geared towards helping the customers reach their goals. They make it their utmost responsibility to provide their customer with the best options that are available and have committed to meet the customers need. The two banks provide the most expert advice on planning and investing. An analysis of HSBC system shows that they have managed risks well, including risks that have placed other banks in receivership. The Royal Bank of Scotland equally possesses reliable strategy where all the decisions regarding risks have to be decided after careful analysis and Proper management of credit and market risks is essential in eliminating financial risks. The study established that these two risks occur when an improper assessment is made. The commitment of the management of an organization is an important element needed to help reduce the risk on possibility of a bank to collapse. It is a guiding force that a responsible banking institution must adhere to, so as to avoid the consequences of financial failure because of mismanagement. Proper risk management could be a simple way of solving liquidity risk problem which management believe is difficult to tackle. In order to protect their earnings the banks have to institute proper risk management policies as it is not always predictable where risks will emerge. The two banks under study have implemented some of the most desired risk management policies. Many banks were severely affected by the recession but HSBC and RBS still returned maximum profits despite the operating environment existing in 2010 the financial year under review. Customers are concerned with the risk management practises of their banks this is because it also determines the availability of credit and all necessary bank products that they need. 6.2 Recommendations The banks need to ensure that the risk exposure on their portfolios is minimized or eliminated completely. While the recession risks were inevitable the need to anticipate liquidity risks are imperative. HSBC had gone through a crisis however the management had foresight and planned well for the recession on the other hand RBS had to rely on government bail out to minimize the risks the mortgage portfolio had. The need to pursue vigorous risk management policies is important than before, while management decisions influence the direction of the banks, careful planning and consulting is essential. A deep analysis of the causes of the losses registered in the last two years would be a good starting point to be able to collect the mistakes. Management will be valuable in this, the ability of the management to run smoothly the banks and predict future risk will determine the bank that emerges from recession stronger. From the data analyzed while turnover for the banks increased the operating profits were affected by the recession. Like HSBC did RBS need to leverage on technology to reduce operating losses. 6.2.1 Recommendations on Managing liquidity through Organizational structure and Governance It is imperative that the two banks define the liquidity risks exhaustively this will ensure that the risks the banks are exposed to are identified and placed in respective risk category, then the risks are communicated to the respective groups to that they can identify, understand and evaluate liquidity risks that the banks face including new lines of business, products, acquisitions, alliances or any initiative that the banks intend to participate. A clear understanding of the various risks is essential particularly distinguishing Market liquidity and funding liquidity risks. R Study on Financial Statements and Ratios of Banks Study on Financial Statements and Ratios of Banks 4.0 Introduction The data analysis chapter has been divided into two parts. In the first part, I have tried to do some sort of quantitative analysis. The first part is based on the financial statements and key ratios of both the chosen banks. Again it was broken down into sub-points like the analysis of data before recession and after recession. Some key ratios were calculated, compared and analysed from the financial data of last 10 years for both the banks. The second part of this chapter is a mixture of literature review data analysis and some points were written with reference to the analysis done in first part in my own words. 4.1 Analysis of Data Derived from Financial Statements and Ratios 4.1.1 Bank Status before Recession After Recession To be able to answer our research questions it is imperative to look at the two companies data from financial statements, this will reveal the risks inherent in each banks operation. The analysis utilizes data from the financial statements of the banks under review from year 2005 to 2010 just before recession started. While the two banks have similarities in risk management RBS use pounds while HSBC use dollars as the basis currency in the books of accounts, while this may hinder the analysis especially quantitative analysis the general data increase and decrease is an important aspect sufficient for this study. 4.2 Financial Position of RBS 4.2.1 Financial Position of RBS before recession (2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2006-2007) The Royal Bank of Scotland turnover had been on steady increase, in the financial year ending December 2007 the turnover was  £30,366 million; in 2005 the turnover was  £25902 million while in the year ending 2006 turnover increased to  £28002 million. In 2005 operating profits were  £7936 million while in 2006 operating profits increased marginally to  £9186 and in 2007  £9807 million. Profits before tax has been on steady increase from  £7936million in 2005 to  £9186 and  £9832 million in 2006 and 2007 million respectively. 4.2.2 Financial Position of RBS After Recession (2007-2008, 2009-2010) The turnover for year 2008 was  £25868 Million and finally the turnover for the year ending December 2009 was  £38690 million. In but in 2008 and 2009 losses of  £40836 and  £2595 were recorded respectively, this was after recession started. The full details for the full year 2010 results have not been announced but the first half results profits had increased by 44% to  £3950 million. Table 1 Royal Bank of Scotland Profit and loss Extracts Year Ended 31 Dec 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005  £millions  £  £  £  £  £  £ Turnover 38690.0 25868.0 30366.0 28002.0 25902.0 Operating Profit Q3 726 -2595 -40836.0 9807 9186 7936 Profits before tax -2595 -40836.0 9832.0 9186.0 7936.0 Source; RBS website 4.3 Financial Positions of HSBC 4.3.1 Financial Positions of HSBC before recession On the other hand the turnovers for HSBC on the financial years under review were as follows; year 2007 the turnover was $ 87601 million, $ 61704 million in 2005 and $70070 million in 2006 in terms of operating profits, the group managed $20966.0m, $21240.0m and $22709.0m in years 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Profits before tax were $20966m, $22086m, and $24212m in years 2005, 2006, and 2007. 4.3.2 Financial Positions of HSBC After recession The group managed a turnover of $ 88571 million and $ 78631 million in 2008 and 2009 accounting periods respectively. HSBC recorded $ 22709 million profit in 2007; however the profits declined substantially to $7646 million in 2008 and $ 5298 in 2009 again profits were affected as recessionary fears started. In third quarter of 2010 the profits increased marginally. Table 2 HSBC Profit and Loss Extracts Year Ended 31 Dec 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 $millions $ $ $ $ $ $ Turnover 78631 88571 87601 70070 61704 Operating Profit 5298 7646 22709 21240 20966 Profit before tax 7079 7079 9307 24212 20086 20966 Source: HSBC website 4.4 Tabular, Graphical representation, interpretation and analysis of key ratios of HSBC RBS for last 10 years In the next few pages, I have tried to present the data in tables, graphs and charts. Some of the data was presented and calculated for last 10 years and some for the last 5-6 years. Some of the key ratios as given below were calculated, analysed and compared for both the banks. Net Interest Margin Return on equity Capital adequacy Liquidity ratio Non-performing assets ratio Loans Turnover ratio Loans to Assets ratio Gross Yield on Earning Assets (GYEA) Table 3 HSBC Ratio Analysis in percentage Year Ending 31 Dec 2010 up to June 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 Net Interest Margin 3.25 3.09 3.05 2.00 3.4 2.04 2.60 2.54 2.24 ROE 11.1 12.3 11.21 9.62 11.60 12.25 11.2 15.6 13.21 Capital Adequacy 11.50 11.60 11.75 10.89 10.97 11.01 11.12 11.31 11.63 Liquidity ratio 2.20 2.50 3.62 4.21 5.31 6.54 1.23 1.11 2.15 Nonperforming assets ratio 2.17 2.27 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.01 2.00 Loans Turnover ratio 66.2 55.2 25.10 29.2 54.0 59.1 67.12 74.21 76.45 Loans to Assets ratio 0.60 0.40 0.22 0.15 0.12 0.113 0.21 0.28 0.32 GYEA 5.21 4.60 4.49 4.36 4.24 4.42 4.68 4.29 3.26 Source: Data glanced from HSBC website and did personal analysis. Figure 4 HSBC ratio analyses (Note: all the figures are in percentage) Table 4 RBS Ratio analysis as a percentage Year Ending 31 Dec 2010 up to June 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 Net Interest Margin 1.97 1.76 1.70 1.75 1.83 1.91 2.01 2.03 1.92 ROE 12 11.5 11.4 9 9.6 9.12 14 11.2 10 Capital Adequacy 12.51 11.44 11.95 12.98 11.72 11.10 12.21 13.11 13.23 Liquidity Ratio 3.21 2.42 3.21 5.22 3.23 3.29 2.23 2.11 3.15 Nonperforming Assets Ratio 11.1 14.1 16.1 12.15 12.11 12.10 11.11 11.01 10.10 Loans Turnover Ratio 66.9 45.25 44.15 39.2 44.0 49.12 57.21 63.32 66.00 Loans to Assets Ratio 1.56 1.45 1.35 1.40 1.19 0.20 0.89 0.46 0.56 GYEA 3.33 4.6 2.12 4.06 4.12 3.28 2.86 2.92 2.45 Source: Data glanced from RBS website and did personal analysis Fig. Comparison of the two banks PL data Generally over the years the turnover of the two banks has been increasing but the increase in HSBC turnover has been moderate while that of RBS has been steep. HSBC has managed to remain profitable for the period of analysis showing that the company has been able to mitigate the risks well as compared to RBS. RBS made substantial operating losses amounting to 2595 million in 2009 and had to be supported by the government as a result of subprime mortgage crisis. The data show that HSBC has adopted prudent management even though profits declined, the ratios show the group has maintained strong capital base Findings During the two years before year 2009 and after the two banks were adversely affected by economic condition. The profit and loss analysis from the two banks show that HSBC has been able to tackle liquidity risks well as it has been able to maintain profitability through out even during the recession on the other hand RBS was affected and made losses in 2007, 2008 and 2009 but the half year available indicate the bank has returned to profitability after the government support. The profitability before tax is shown in the figure below. Figure 5 Source: Data glanced from RBS and HSBC websites and did personal analysis Note: HSBS figures are in million dollars while figures for RBS are in million pounds. 4.5 Literature Review Data Analysis This dissertation presents the underlying strategies and approaches applied by the top UK banks in learning the differences between HSBC and Royal Bank of Scotland. The strategies and approaches are observed before and after the recession period when assets and stocks were reducing in value putting the banks in worst case financial scenario. To compare their financial, business and operational risks concern will create a bigger picture. The aim is to determine which between the two banks has a better and effective approach and strategy in the risk-reduction initiatives (Drew Michael, et al., 1996) Banks in United Kingdom have relied upon a proven system of strong liquidity risk management. This has been in existence for over three years now and since the system was started banks have made it a priority to update their systems of risk management to keep abreast with the changing demands of the society and technological innovations associated with risk management. Financial stability is easily achieved by following less complicated process and that is to stick to the rules and created in less difficult way that whenever you try to explain it to a customer or client. The grasp of the policy will then be easily absorbed (Issing, 2004). The liquidity risk management of most United Kingdom has been seen to be strong and responsive whenever banks experience risks. Banks have to ensure that they exercise prudent risk management to be able to provide customer satisfaction, but some of the banks are less committed to the task to minimize their exposure to risks. It can be costly to the bank and expose the bank to court cases, licence cancellation by the supervisory authorities and customers withdrawing from the bank. The only way to do this is to create a reliable system of liquidity risk management (Issing, 2004). Risk management actions count the most in the future and especially in setting the reputation of the banks. Extra effort is required in creating policies that will withstand the effect of any risks. Being able to communicate the recent risk situation among the team members will help a lot in the resolution and in effectively carrying out the regulations which they intended to implement for the banks organization. A manifestation of a high level of activity would spell a lot of difference compared to those who lag behind due to poor management risk planning (Kahf Homud, 1998). An effective liquidity risk management is able to make anticipations on the occurrence of future risks. There is also a type of liquidity risk management that can only provide satisfactory level of service or performance, however, it possess certain weakness though very insignificant, it may still deliver anticipated results like those managements that are strong since it only manifest very minor signs ineffectiveness (Bank of England 2007). HSBS and the Royal Bank of Scotland are not just the top banks in United Kingdom they are the two banks that show an impressive liquidity risk management. This record could be very much proven by the profits earned annually and the impression they make among their customers is excellent and they never settle for anything less. The two banks have applied similar systems although HSBC is the bank that shows the most impressive and effective strategy/ approach against a liquidity risk. They always make sure to protect not only their money but also protect the welfare of their customers and intend to move with them and manage their finances by avoiding incompetence in dealing with liquidity risks. HSBS guides their customer from the time they enter the institution until the time they become part of a much growing and impressive banking industry (Bank of England 2007). In the last two years HSBC only experienced short term recession only, they had prepared for the recession, through management and the fact that they had experienced a crisis before and had rectified it by creating a frame work that worked well for the bank. Prudent risk management at HSBC can be analysed by looking at the profits that the bank has earned recently where the bank doubled its half-year profits by posting  £7 billion as at August 2010, this is at a time when smaller banks were feeling the effects of recession. Analysts have seen the capabilities of the bank base from their well-managed systems and strategies. They had already expected such things to happen so there is nothing surprising about that (Goodway, 2007). The banks have taken all necessary precautions and the management maintains optimism that in case of risks they will find a way out. The way the two banks react to problems is always quick thus they are able to find real time solutions. This strategy is a good way of keeping loyal customers. The primary goal is to offer consistency in performance whether the nature of the transaction differs or not, this is exemplified by the HSBC spirit of being consistent and reliable in every possible way. One of the ways that the banks have avoided the risks is to anticipate the risks thus making in advance plans. HSBC has made a point to anticipate risks and make plans to mitigate or avoid the risks completely, this is seen in the banks preparation of the recession in the last two years the bank made adequate plans and adopted prudent lending, adopted technology and minimized operations expenses, while other bank were unprepared and had to be rescued by the government. HSBC operates inn flexible economies, this has been explained by looking at the diversity of the markets it operates, and this gave the bank diversity as not all markets experienced recession. HSBC reaction to risks is a testimony to its objective to effectively handle risks, one such objective identified in the study was is to create liquidity through making an arrangement to leaseback or sell assets whenever loans are defaulted (Goodway, 2007) On the other hand, the Royal Bank of Scotland has similar strategies, before recession the management had drawn a plan on risk management, this is exemplified by the fact that they didnt change their banking rates during this period. Although they needed to take precautions on the insurance, once this has been resolved they could go back to the most important part which is keeping the business even more profitable (Aldrick, 2008). Royal Bank of Scotland (2011) strategy has been to invest heavily in being relevant to the needs of the customer; the bank has also created a buffer to protect the bank in times of recession. In 2007 the bank lost 3% in book value as it experienced subprime related mortgage crisis, but the bank made an effort in ensuring that the customers needs were addressed as soon as possible and assured clients that their accounts with the bank were safe. The Royal Bank of Scotland has not seen changes in sub-prime related write downs, the bank has remained stable. During the recession the bank still managed  £ 1.1 billion in half year profits, though the bank was affected by recession as it could not prevent the effects of recession on their profits and capital enhancements. When making a comparison between the two banks, they differ on how they carry out their risk strategies but have similar characteristics. 4.5.1 Implications of recession on house mortgage and corresponding subprime losses HSBC has always tried to offer options that are sustaining and a relief to those who are about to lose their home due to the effect of recession, some of the options are leaseback and sales. In terms risk management HSBC has adopted a different approach when it comes to helping customers experiencing cash flow problems in paying mortgage. The bank identifies the need to assess the urgency to save the customers financial status or his house under mortgage (Goodway, 2007); the bank allows customers to modify their loan allowing customers to pay the loan at an adjusted future time. This reduces the risk to both the customer and the bank. On the other hand Royal Bank of Scotland reduce risks by allowing variable or fixed mortgage rate, and has applied the straightforward approach where a customer mortgage application is approved decisively, this ensures the payments are as flexible as possible. The bank has also limited the bank charges it can attach to an account thus creating customer satisfaction. 4.5.2 Bank Strategies and Policies Applied The effectiveness of the banks strategy and approach can be analysed by looking at how well the banks management performed their roles. As risks are recognized the management needs to assess the risks and careful interpretation of the consequences. If the management do not carefully assess the crisis, then the risk might probably worsen until it can no longer be helped (RBS, 2011). The loan modification adopted by HSBC may not work as it is difficult to find a common ground. It may also not be possible to carry out assessment and evaluation. The Royal Bank of Scotland has minimized its risk exposure by allowing the straightforward method, thus the bank is able to assess the qualification of each customer. 4.5.3 Criteria for house mortgage loan allocation Both banks utile interest options, period of payment, and a flexible payment options. However, the criteria need to be assessed on individual application basis while at the same time maintaining objectivity and should not be applied to all. This criterion has to be flexible in terms of meeting the customer needs such as unforeseen circumstances. The current criteria risk the banks profit if it is contravened, it should allow the customers meet their monthly loan repayment deadlines. It can be very well taken into account that the system used by these two is similar to those applied by the rest of the banks in United Kingdom (Effros, 1998). However, the researcher intends to discuss the reliability of the system utilized by the two chosen banks as they encounter inevitable risks in global economic environment. A study of the HSBC system shows how well they have managed risks that have placed other banks in receivership. The study helps to understand the important issues needs to be tackled by a bank to manage risks successfully. The two banks have had good financial risk management, in terms managing the credit and market risks by having a proper risk assessment. These two risks take place when an improper assessment is made (Newman, 2006). Strong and reliable management organization has been used as a tool to help the banks strengthen and arrive to a risk free system. In case of system failures a dependable measure has been created that would minimize financial implications. The banks initiative is to push the participation of the depositors in the program and to treat them as among the driving force which affects the system. The methods are extensively researched and adapted among institutions which mean that it has been carefully checked (Banks, 2003). Extensive study on the feasibility of the issue in addressing the effectiveness of system implemented in the banking institution. In the previous discussion, regarding the imposition of law affecting banking system, the European banks are known to be sanctioned under a strict regulation whereby giving them less control over their own management. The variability in the solution technique being employed by either HSBC or the Royal Bank of Scotland cannot simply be the solution to this problem. It is the way they approach the problem with a system proven by time. The HSBC and the Royal Bank of Scotland have several financial planning portfolios in helping the customers reach their goals. The two banks have manifested expertise in providing the most expert advice on planning and investing. They consider it as their responsibility to provide their customer with the best advice available and have to be right and fitting to their customers needs. They exert and commit themselves as they go the extra mile of keeping their customers for a lifetime by answering and addressing quickly their customers growing demands and they have never failed to do so (Newman, 2006). The banks will not wait in vain but makes sure that they get to customers and provides them with a personalized service that cannot be found from other bank institutions creating confidence and trust with the customers. No wonder these two banks were voted top United Kingdom banks (Duttweiler, 2009). The assessment of the policy utilized by these two banks operates as a measure that monitors whether a prescribed risk guideline has been complied with and then makes a report accordingly (Crouhy, 2006). The design of the policy has been able to achieve the appropriate strategy, though require the framework and the funding capacity be adequately met by the funding institution. The design as a result, gives the customer the assurance and the security as they are given the key role and part in developing the system. The United Banking system has also been extensively analysed in this dissertation. Risks such as the financial and operational risks has been analysed by relating them to the strategies being employed by each bank, thus, an empirical method has been applied by exploring details about each bank. Various important factors about a banking institutions risk management system have been looked into as well. Looking into the advantages of a well-organized risk management banking system will help minimize damages brought by liquidity risks. A well-managed and well carried management plan will save the bank from recovering from years, after suffering from significant financial risks. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions While the data analysed show similarities in the way the two banks manage liquidity risks HSBC has prudently managed the risks better as compared to RBS. The profits before tax for the two banks indicate that RBS made losses for the last two years while HSBC has maintained profitability despite recession. Fair amount of loans have been advanced that may not pose great risk to both banks, the loan to asset rate is low for both banks and this reduces unnecessary exposure to bad debts. The ratios indicate the banks have maintained adequate capital bases that can with stand systemic risks. HSBC has managed to maintain low operating margins leveraging on technology to deliver products thus avoiding high staff expenses, on the other hand RSB government ownership reduces the risk exposure and thus the bank has been able to obtain loans from the bank after the recent recession, the operating margins are negative for the last two years indicating the bank has not been able to achieve optimal operations. After a sustained increase in the operating profits of RBS before the recession profits declined from 9807 million pounds in 2007 to losses of 2595 million pounds, this emanated from the exposure of the bank to mortgage related risks therefore to ensure the bank is protected from the risk the bank should carry out evaluation on the ability of the customers to meet the monthly mortgage requirements. The effectiveness of the risks management policies of the banks under study has been evaluated, to be able to have a wider view about risk management bank mortgage and subsequent reaction to recession has been analysed. When the risk management policies that each of the banks under consideration is evaluated, HSBC possess the most formidable liquidity risk management policy implementation well articulated in the banks reaction to the recession. The study established that the liquidity risk management plays an important role in monitoring the flow of assets into the banks system. Banks are required to have standard set of policy to affect its benefits. However, without a reliable system from which the organization management plan is created, it is easy to say that such a management plan will not be effective. It will produce no progress at all and could costly on the part of those who implement these management strategies. Since the two banks have applied similar systems; HSBC is the bank that shows the most impressive and effective strategy/ approach against liquidity risk. They always make sure to protect not only their money also they make sure that they protect the welfare of their customers. The dissertation focus on the UK banking system was ideal as the perfect niche where to study liquidity risk because the banks have a wide access to almost all parts of the world and. The banks are universal and possess that impressive banking track record. HSBC and the Royal Banks of Scotland are equally as competent and committed to a strong liquidity risk management (Casu Molyneux, 2001). However, this study was limited to the top two banks it is recommended that in order to understand liquidity risk a study should be conducted not only on those two banks but also on those ranked at the bottom. This way it is possible to understand the liquidity risk in the banking industry and serve as a basis of reference by other researchers or particular areas of concern that may be a source of risk for banks. It should also be necessary that a case study be conducted on a particular scenario focusing only on one risk management area so as to have a clearer view. The banking system is explained along with some points on how important it is to build a strong impression with international institutions by securing a reliable system within the bank by good risk management policies that serve as its foundation. A discussion on the importance of liquidity risk management policy has been explored using policies as the guidelines and indicators that help determine the confidence level in each banking system. If weak policy system is in place, it gives doubt as to the effectiveness of the risk management approach. Royal Bank of England has been analysed and the responsibility it has on the control of rates. The bank has been used as the point of reference since it has flexibility in decision making as well as its crucial to the good functioning or detriment of the whole banking institution in United Kingdom. The HSBC and the Royal Bank of Scotland has impressive financial planning portfolios that are geared towards helping the customers reach their goals. They make it their utmost responsibility to provide their customer with the best options that are available and have committed to meet the customers need. The two banks provide the most expert advice on planning and investing. An analysis of HSBC system shows that they have managed risks well, including risks that have placed other banks in receivership. The Royal Bank of Scotland equally possesses reliable strategy where all the decisions regarding risks have to be decided after careful analysis and Proper management of credit and market risks is essential in eliminating financial risks. The study established that these two risks occur when an improper assessment is made. The commitment of the management of an organization is an important element needed to help reduce the risk on possibility of a bank to collapse. It is a guiding force that a responsible banking institution must adhere to, so as to avoid the consequences of financial failure because of mismanagement. Proper risk management could be a simple way of solving liquidity risk problem which management believe is difficult to tackle. In order to protect their earnings the banks have to institute proper risk management policies as it is not always predictable where risks will emerge. The two banks under study have implemented some of the most desired risk management policies. Many banks were severely affected by the recession but HSBC and RBS still returned maximum profits despite the operating environment existing in 2010 the financial year under review. Customers are concerned with the risk management practises of their banks this is because it also determines the availability of credit and all necessary bank products that they need. 6.2 Recommendations The banks need to ensure that the risk exposure on their portfolios is minimized or eliminated completely. While the recession risks were inevitable the need to anticipate liquidity risks are imperative. HSBC had gone through a crisis however the management had foresight and planned well for the recession on the other hand RBS had to rely on government bail out to minimize the risks the mortgage portfolio had. The need to pursue vigorous risk management policies is important than before, while management decisions influence the direction of the banks, careful planning and consulting is essential. A deep analysis of the causes of the losses registered in the last two years would be a good starting point to be able to collect the mistakes. Management will be valuable in this, the ability of the management to run smoothly the banks and predict future risk will determine the bank that emerges from recession stronger. From the data analyzed while turnover for the banks increased the operating profits were affected by the recession. Like HSBC did RBS need to leverage on technology to reduce operating losses. 6.2.1 Recommendations on Managing liquidity through Organizational structure and Governance It is imperative that the two banks define the liquidity risks exhaustively this will ensure that the risks the banks are exposed to are identified and placed in respective risk category, then the risks are communicated to the respective groups to that they can identify, understand and evaluate liquidity risks that the banks face including new lines of business, products, acquisitions, alliances or any initiative that the banks intend to participate. A clear understanding of the various risks is essential particularly distinguishing Market liquidity and funding liquidity risks. R

History of Gypsies Essay -- Gypsy

The first and to date only reliable assertion of the origin of word Gypsy for the members of â€Å"specific† group, dates back to 1068. At that time the Georgian monah st. George Antonski, from the monastery of Iviron (Greece) reports to his people that on the mountain of Athos in the time between 1001 and 1026 a group of â€Å"Athiganos† arrived. The word Athigatos or Acinkan in Greek would be â€Å"untouchable†. Different synonyms of this word were used later as name for â€Å"that† nation around Europe. In literature we find: latin-Cingarus, Turkey-Cingeneler, France-Tsiganes, Germany-Zinger, Russia-Cjganji, Hungary-Ciganjiok, Italy-Zingari, Spain-Gitanos. In Croatia the name is Cigani and in Dubrovnik Republic Jedupi or Egyptians. The name Egyptians was probably brought to Dubrovnik by Italians (Greece was at the time under Venetian rule) where together with the former name Jedupi for Gypsies the name Egyptians started to be used. On 08. April 1791 the first World congress of Gypsies was held in London. Important decisions and accepting of Roma flag, official anthem and official languages were brought. It was decided that the flag consists of two basic colours that symbolises everlasting wandering of Roma. The green is a symbol of boundless natural space as freedom of movement. The blue is symbol of sky and in the middle of the flag is a wheel which marks the everlasting journey of Roma. The official anthem is famous Roma song â€Å"Gelem, Gelem† and as official language Lovari Roma language was accepted. In the same time as unique world wide used name for Gypsies was term â€Å"Htom†, which in Gypsy-lovari language means a man. Sound ht does not exist in graphic system therefore for the sake of easy writing this sound is spelled as sound R. There... ...father Stepan Iuan Sainouich dictus Oliuerich, 1490. father Sain We strongly believe that the Dubrovnik Gypsies are ancestors of today’s Lovari Roma as this tradition of names and surnames can today be found among Lovari Roma in Croatia. Music Anthem: Gelem,gelem Anthem lyrics: Gelem, gelem I have travelled over long roads I have met fortunate Roma I have travelled far and wide I have met lucky Roma Oh, Romani adults, Oh Romani youth Oh, Romani adults, Oh Romani youth Oh, Roma, from wherever you have come With your tents along lucky roads I too once had a large family But the black legion murdered them Come with me, Roma of the world To where the Romani roads have been opened Now is the time - stand up, Roma, We shall succeed where we make the effort. Oh, Roma adults, Oh, Roma youth Oh, Roma adults, Oh, Roma youth

Plato †Philosophy Essay

Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]

What Are Thalassemias Essays

What Are Thalassemias Essays What Are Thalassemias Essay What Are Thalassemias Essay Thalassemias (thal of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia The picture shows one example of how alpha thalassemia is inherited.The alpha globin genes are located on chromosome 16. A child inherits four alpha globin genes (two from each parent). In this example, the father is missing two alpha globin genes and the mother is missing one alpha globin gene. Each child has a 25 percent chance of inheriting two missing genes and two normal genes (thalassemia trait), three missing genes and one normal gene (hemoglobin H disease), four normal genes (no anemia), or one missing gene and three normal genes (silent carrier). Beta Thalassemias You need two genes (one from each parent) to make enough beta globin protein chains.If one or both of these genes are altered, youll have beta thalassemia. This means that your body won’t make enough beta globin protein. * If you have one altered gene, youre a carrier. This condition is called beta thalassemia trait or beta thalassemia minor. It causes mild anemia. * If both genes are altered, youll have beta thalassemia intermedia or beta thalassemia major (also called Cooleys anemia). The intermedia form of the disorder causes moderate anemia. The major form causes severe anemia. Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Beta ThalassemiaThe picture shows one example of how beta thalassemia is inherited. The beta globin gene is located on chromosome 11. A child inherits two beta globin genes (one from each parent). In this example, each parent has one altered beta globin gene. Each child has a 25 percent chance of inheriting two normal genes (no anemia), a 50 percent chance of inheriting one altered gene and one normal gene (beta thalassemia trait), or a 25 percent chance of inheriting two altered genes (beta thalassemia major). Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias? Family history and ancestry are the two risk factors for thalassemias.Family History Thalassemias are inherited- that is, the genes for the disorders are passed from parents to their children. If your parents have missing or altered hemoglobin-making genes, you may have thalassemia. Ancestry Thalassemias occur most often among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African descent. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias? A lack of oxygen in the bloodstream causes the signs and symptoms of thalassemias. The lack of oxygen occurs because the body doesnt make enough healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin.The severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the disorder. No Symptoms Alpha thalassemia silent carriers generally have no signs or symptoms of the disorder. The lack of alpha globin protein is so minor that the bodys hemoglobin works normally. Mild Anemia People who have alpha or beta thalassemia trait can have mild  anemia. However, many people who have these types of thalassemia have no signs or symptoms. Mild anemia can make you feel tired. Mild anemia caused by alpha thalassemi a trait might be mistaken for  iron-deficiency anemia. Mild to Moderate Anemia and Other Signs and SymptomsPeople who have beta thalassemia intermedia have mild to moderate anemia. They also may have other health problems, such as: * Slowed growth and delayed puberty. Anemia can slow down a childs growth and development. * Bone problems. Thalassemia may cause bone marrow to expand. Bone marrow is the spongy substance inside bones that makes blood cells. When bone marrow expands, the bones become wider than normal. They may become brittle and break easily. * An enlarged spleen. The spleen is an organ that helps your body fight infection and remove unwanted material.When a person has thalassemia, the spleen has to work very hard. As a result, the spleen becomes larger than normal. This makes anemia worse. If the spleen becomes too large, it must be removed. Severe Anemia and Other Signs and Symptoms People who have hemoglobin H disease or beta thalassemia major (also called Cooleys anemia) have severe thalassemia. Signs and symptoms usually occur within the first 2  years of life. They may include severe anemia and other health problems, such as: * A pale and listless appearance * Poor appetite Dark urine (a sign that red blood cells are breaking down) * Slowed growth and delayed puberty * Jaundice (a yellowish color of the skin or whites of the eyes) * An enlarged spleen, liver, or heart * Bone problems (especially with bones in the face) Complications of Thalassemias Better treatments now allow people who have moderate and severe thalassemias to live much longer. As a result, these people must cope with complications of these disorders that occur over time. Heart and Liver Diseases Regular  blood transfusions  are a standard treatment for thalassemias.Transfusions can cause iron to build up in the blood (iron overload). This can damage organs and tissues, especially the heart and liver. Heart disease caused by iron overload is the main cause of death i n people who have thalassemias. Heart disease includes  heart failure,  arrhythmias  (irregular heartbeats), and  heart attack. Infection Among people who have thalassemias, infections are a key cause of illness and the second most common cause of death. People who have had their spleens removed are at even higher risk because they no longer have this infection-fighting organ.Osteoporosis Many people who have thalassemias have bone problems, including osteoporosis (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). This is a condition in which bones are weak and brittle and break easily. How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? Doctors diagnose thalassemias using  blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) and special hemoglobin tests. * A CBC measures the amount of hemoglobin and the different kinds of blood cells, such as red blood cells, in a sample of blood. People who have thalassemias have fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin than normal in their blood.People who have alpha or beta th alassemia trait may have red blood cells that are smaller than normal. * Hemoglobin tests measure the types of hemoglobin in a blood sample. People who have thalassemias have problems with the alpha or beta globin protein chains of hemoglobin. Moderate and severe thalassemias usually are diagnosed in early childhood. This is because signs and symptoms, including severe  anemia, often occur within the first 2  years of life. People who have milder forms of thalassemia might be diagnosed after a routine blood test shows they have anemia.Doctors might suspect thalassemia if a person has anemia and is a member of an ethnic group thats at increased risk for thalassemias. (For more information, go to  Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias? ) Doctors also test the amount of iron in the blood to find out whether the anemia is due to iron deficiency or thalassemia. Iron-deficiency anemia  occurs if the body doesnt have enough iron to make hemoglobin. The anemia in thalassemia occurs becaus e of a problem with either the alpha globin or beta globin chains of hemoglobin, not because of a lack of iron.Because thalassemias are passed from parents to children through genes, family genetic studies also can help diagnose the disorder. These studies involve taking a family medical history and doing blood tests on family members. The tests will show whether any family members have missing or altered hemoglobin genes. If you know of family members who have thalassemias and youre thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a genetic counselor. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children. If youre expecting a baby and you and your partner are thalassemia carriers, you may ant to consider prenatal testing. Prenatal testing involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid or tissue from the placenta. (Amniotic fluid is the fluid in the sac surrounding a growing embryo. The placenta is the organ that attaches the umbilical cord to the mothers womb. ) Tests done on the fluid or tissue can show whether your baby has thalassemia and how severe it might be. How Are Thalassemias Treated? Treatments for thalassemias depend on the type and severity of the disorder. People who are carriers or who have alpha or beta thalassemia trait have mild or no symptoms. They’ll likely need little or no treatment.Doctors use three standard treatments for moderate and severe forms of thalassemia. These treatments include  blood transfusions, iron chelation (ke-LAY-shun) therapy, and folic acid supplements. Other treatments have been developed or are being tested, but theyre used much less often. Standard Treatments Blood Transfusions Transfusions of red blood cells are the main treatment for people who have moderate or severe thalassemias. This treatment gives you healthy red blood cells with normal hemoglobin. During a blood transfusion, a needle is used to insert an intravenous (IV) line into one of your blood vessels.Thro ugh this line, you receive healthy blood. The procedure usually takes 1 to 4 hours. Red blood cells live only for about 120 days. So, you may need repeated transfusions to maintain a healthy supply of red blood cells. If you have hemoglobin H disease or beta thalassemia intermedia, you may need blood transfusions on occasion. For example, you may have transfusions when you have an infection or other illness, or when your  anemia  is severe enough to cause tiredness. If you have beta thalassemia major (Cooleys anemia), you’ll likely need regular blood transfusions (often every 2 to 4 weeks).These transfusions will help you maintain normal hemoglobin and red blood cell levels. Blood transfusions allow you to feel better, enjoy normal activities, and live into adulthood. This treatment is lifesaving, but its expensive and carries a risk of transmitting infections and viruses (for example, hepatitis). However, the risk is very low in the United States because of careful blood screening. For more information, go to the Health Topics  Blood Transfusion  article. Iron Chelation Therapy The hemoglobin in red blood cells is an iron-rich protein.Thus, regular blood transfusions can lead to a buildup of iron in the blood. This condition is called iron overload. It damages the liver, heart, and other parts of the body. To prevent this damage, doctors use iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron from the body. Two medicines are used for iron chelation therapy. * Deferoxamine is a liquid medicine thats given slowly under the skin, usually with a small portable pump used overnight. This therapy takes time and can be mildly painful. Side effects include problems with vision and hearing. * Deferasirox is a pill taken once daily.Side effects include headache, nausea (feeling sick to the stomach), vomiting, diarrhea, joint pain, and tiredness. Folic Acid Supplements Folic acid is a B vitamin that helps build healthy red blood cells. Your doctor may recommend f olic acid supplements in addition to treatment with blood transfusions and/or iron chelation therapy. Other Treatments Other treatments for thalassemias have been developed or are being tested, but theyre used much less often. Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant A blood and marrow stem cell transplant replaces faulty stem cells with healthy ones from another person (a donor).Stem cells are the cells inside bone marrow that make red blood cells and other types of blood cells. A stem cell transplant is the only treatment that can cure thalassemia. But only a small number of people who have severe thalassemias are able to find a good donor match and have the risky procedure. For more information, go to the Health Topics  Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant  article. Possible Future Treatments Researchers are working to find new treatments for thalassemias. For example, it might be possible someday to insert a normal hemoglobin gene into stem cells in bone marrow.This will allow people who have thalassemias to make their own healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin. Researchers also are studying ways to trigger a persons ability to make fetal hemoglobin after birth. This type of hemoglobin is found in fetuses and newborns. After birth, the body switches to making adult hemoglobin. Making more fetal hemoglobin might make up for the lack of healthy adult hemoglobin. Treating Complications Better treatments now allow people who have moderate and severe thalassemias to live longer. As a result, these people must cope with complications that occur over time.An important part of managing thalassemias is treating complications. Treatment might be needed for heart or liver diseases, infections, osteoporosis, and other health problems. How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented? You can’t prevent thalassemias because they’re inherited (passed from parents to children through genes). However, prenatal tests can detect these blood disorders before birth. Family ge netic studies may help find out whether people have missing or altered hemoglobin genes that cause thalassemias. (For more information, go to  How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? ) If you know of family members who have thalassemias and youre thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a genetic counselor. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children. Living With Thalassemias Survival and quality of life have improved for people who have moderate or severe thalassemias. This is because: * More people are able to get  blood transfusions  now. * Blood screening has reduced the number of infections from blood transfusions. Also, treatments for other kinds of infections have improved. * Iron chelation treatments are available that are easier for some people to take. Some people have been cured through  blood and marrow stem cell transplants. Living with thalassemia can be challenging, but several approaches can help you cope. Fol low Your Treatment Plan Following the treatment plan your doctor gives you is important. For example, get blood transfusions as your doctor recommends, and take your iron chelation medicine as prescribed. Iron chelation treatment can take time and be mildly painful. However, dont stop taking your medicine. The leading cause of death among people who have thalassemias is heart disease caused by iron overload.Iron buildup can damage your heart, liver, and other organs. Several chelation treatments are now available, including injections and pills. Your doctor will talk with you about which treatment is best for you. Take folic acid supplements if your doctor prescribes them. Folic acid is a B vitamin that helps build healthy red blood cells. Also, talk with your doctor about whether you need other vitamin or mineral supplements, such as vitamins A, C, or D or selenium. Get Ongoing Medical Care Keep your scheduled medical appointments, and get any tests that your doctor recommends. The se tests may include: Monthly complete blood counts and tests for blood iron levels every 3 months * Yearly tests for heart function, liver function, and viral infections (for example, hepatitis B and C and HIV) * Yearly tests to check for iron buildup in your liver * Yearly vision and hearing tests * Regular checkups to make sure blood transfusions are working * Other tests as needed (such as  lung function tests, genetic tests, and tests to match your tissues with a possible donor if a stem cell transplant is being considered) Children who have thalassemias should receive yearly checkups to monitor their growth and development.The checkups include a physical exam, including a height and weight check, and any necessary tests. Take Steps To Stay Healthy Take steps to stay as healthy as possible. Follow a healthy eating plan and your doctors instructions for taking iron supplements. Get vaccinations as needed, especially if youve had your spleen removed. You may need vaccines for t he flu,  pneumonia, hepatitis B, and meningitis. Your doctor will advise you about which vaccines you need. Watch for signs of infection (such as a fever) and take steps to lower your risk for infection (especially if youve had your spleen removed).For example: * Wash your hands often. * Avoid crowds during cold and flu season. * Keep the skin around the site where you get blood transfusions as clean as possible. * Call your doctor if a fever develops. Emotional Issues and Support If you or your child has thalassemia, you may have fear, anxiety, depression, or stress. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very depressed, your doctor may recommend medicines or other treatments that can improve your quality of life.Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with thalassemia. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about loca l support groups or check with an area medical center. Support from family and friends also can help relieve stress and anxiety. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you. Some teens and young adults who have thalassemias may have a hard time moving from pediatric care to adult care.Doctors and other health professionals who care for these children might not be familiar with adult issues related to the disorder, such as certain complications. Also, it might be hard for adults who have thalassemias to find doctors who specialize in treating the disorder. Ask your childs doctor to help you find a doctor who can care for your child when the time comes to make the switch. Planning and good communication can help this move go smoothly. nhlbi. nih. gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/trials. html

Free Essays on Alcoholism And Personality

Alcoholism is a road often traveled yet there is no light at the end. The road only leads to a life of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, and much more. These are all common unwanted personality traits that we experience at one time or another. However, alcoholics exhibit these traits day in and day our as the likelihood that they act in these types of manners is nearly doubled when alcohol is involved. Alcohol inhibits not only our daily bodily functions but our mind as well. Alcoholism leads to times of withdrawal, low self-esteem, and an overall unwillingness to be part of society. It can turn the gentlest person into a raving psychopath without them even knowing it or if they do know, they refuse to admit it. Alcoholism manipulates the way we think and the way we react in common everyday situations. Minor problems are blown out of proportion while major problems are faced with anger, resentment, and often physical force. Alcoholism does nothing positive for an individual. It has many harmful effects and its effects on one's personality is one of the most harmful of all. Our personality is who we are and who we are known as. Alcoholism takes that personality, corrupts it, and turns us into the person we never thought wed become. As the alcohol becomes more important and necessary in an alcoholics life he will find himself unable to any longer answer the question of who he is but will rather find himself asking questions such as who he has become. At first, an individual may enjoy an occasional beer or two to take a load off. This does not have a permanent adverse effect on his personality. However, as time goes on, if this same person finds himself relying on alcohol to make it through the day, the problem has started. Before he knows it he will find himself psychologically dependent on alcohol and stages will develop. First, he may need a drink before he goes to bed to make him sleep better. Nex... Free Essays on Alcoholism And Personality Free Essays on Alcoholism And Personality Alcoholism is a road often traveled yet there is no light at the end. The road only leads to a life of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, and much more. These are all common unwanted personality traits that we experience at one time or another. However, alcoholics exhibit these traits day in and day our as the likelihood that they act in these types of manners is nearly doubled when alcohol is involved. Alcohol inhibits not only our daily bodily functions but our mind as well. Alcoholism leads to times of withdrawal, low self-esteem, and an overall unwillingness to be part of society. It can turn the gentlest person into a raving psychopath without them even knowing it or if they do know, they refuse to admit it. Alcoholism manipulates the way we think and the way we react in common everyday situations. Minor problems are blown out of proportion while major problems are faced with anger, resentment, and often physical force. Alcoholism does nothing positive for an individual. It has many harmful effects and its effects on one's personality is one of the most harmful of all. Our personality is who we are and who we are known as. Alcoholism takes that personality, corrupts it, and turns us into the person we never thought wed become. As the alcohol becomes more important and necessary in an alcoholics life he will find himself unable to any longer answer the question of who he is but will rather find himself asking questions such as who he has become. At first, an individual may enjoy an occasional beer or two to take a load off. This does not have a permanent adverse effect on his personality. However, as time goes on, if this same person finds himself relying on alcohol to make it through the day, the problem has started. Before he knows it he will find himself psychologically dependent on alcohol and stages will develop. First, he may need a drink before he goes to bed to make him sleep better. Nex...